Lancaster Courthouse
civilfamilymagistratesNorth West
Listings last updated:
About Lancaster Courthouse
Lancaster Courthouse is a County Court and Family Court and Magistrates' Court located in the North West region of England and Wales. It handles cases relating to bankruptcy, civil, crime, divorce, family. Today, there are 87 hearings listed at this court. Over the past 7 days, 364 hearings have been listed. All listing data is sourced daily from HM Courts & Tribunals Service (HMCTS).
87
Hearings today
364
Hearings (7 days)
County Court and Family Court and Magistrates' Court
Court type
North West
Region
Contact & Location
Lancaster Courthouse is located in the North West region of England and Wales.
George Street, Lancaster, LA1 1XZ
Phone: 0330 808 4407
Email: contactcrime@justice.gov.uk
Court data sourced from HMCTS Find a Court or Tribunal service, licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Track cases at Lancaster Courthouse. Get notified when hearings are listed or if anything changes.
AllBreach of Order1Committal for Breaches1Committal for Sentence2Fact Finding Hearing (Public Law)1Final Hearing1Final Hearing (Public Law)1For Application for Bail4For Application for Dismissal of Charges3For Hearing1For Mention4For Mention (Defendant to Attend)4For Mention and to Fix4For Pre-Trial Review16For Review2For Section 28 Hearing (Pre-Recording of Cross-Examination)1For Sentence5For Trial14For Trial (No Witnesses)1Further Case Management9Plea and Trial Preparation10Trial (Part Heard)2
Laura Wallis
For Mention (Defendant to Attend)S20260030
—
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dylan Lavery
Breach of OrderS20260072
Not before11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Asquith Ronald
For Pre-Trial ReviewU20260288
—
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dsj
Anthony Little
For TrialU20260314
Not before12:00PM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Fernando Madeira
Committal for SentenceS20250333
—
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
For Trial
—
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Liam Forrest
For Section 28 Hearing (Pre-Recording of Cross-Examination)04ZL3653925
10:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Barry Brown
For Sentence03WW0182023
10:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Judge Fanning
Haider Abass
For Application for Bail06GG0063126
10:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Ashley Johnson
For Application for Bail04ZL1482526
10:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Nathan Owens
Plea and Trial Preparation04ZL1334826
10:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Altham
Anthony Little
For Mention and to Fix04ZL1302025
10:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Altham
Anthony Little
For Mention and to Fix03SS0066125
10:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Altham
Benjamin Scowcroft
For Mention03SS0061224
10:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Jefferies Kc
Re A Minor [1 of 6]
Final Hearing (Public Law)PR24C50364
10:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Re A Minor [1 of 4]
Fact Finding Hearing (Public Law)PR25C50235
10:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Mustak Adam
For Mention (Defendant to Attend)04ZL2009225
10:15AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Parry
David Park
For Mention (Defendant to Attend)04ZL4204225
10:15AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Anthony Tysoe
For Mention and to Fix04ZL2286523
10:15AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dsj
Lewis Ralph
For Review04ZL3203423
10:15AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Jefferies Kc
Martin Bell
Trial (Part Heard)04ZL3592325
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Richard Mullender
For Application for Bail04ZL1243026
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Richard Mullender
For Application for Bail04ZL4339125
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Carl Davis
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL3877923
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Shakil Asghar, Laura Heal, Aamir Bilal
For Trial04ZL2416825
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Jack Halliwell
Plea and Trial Preparation04ZL4363825
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Kenneth Wallwork
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL1521924
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Elh
Stephen Brundrett
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL3180521
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dsj
Kenneth Wallwork
Plea and Trial Preparation04ZL3052125
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
For Application for Dismissal of Charges
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Altham
Joseph Watson
For Application for Dismissal of Charges04ZL1237226
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Altham
Alexander Tofton
For Application for Dismissal of Charges04ZL4130825
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Altham
Nadeem Akram
For Trial04ZL3008724
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Altham
For Mention and to Fix
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Robert Rae
For Trial04ZL3700125
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
District Judge
Ronan Henfrey
For Sentence04ZL2612624
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Jefferies Kc
Lee Connolly, Andrea Houghton
For Sentence04ZL1687525
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Ryan Moore
Plea and Trial Preparation04ZL1353426
10:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Lewis Lunt
Plea and Trial Preparation04ZL4297025
10:45AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Stuart Barrow
Further Case Management04ZL2874025
10:45AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dsj
Simon Hannigan
For Mention (Defendant to Attend)04ZL1538522
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Seamus Iqbal
Further Case Management04ZL1285426
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Marcus Warburton
Further Case Management04ZL3925825
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Alison Riley
Further Case Management04ZL3955925
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Kamran Hussain
Further Case Management04ZL2443425
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Arshad Nawaz
Further Case Management04ZL1303626
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Sen
Craig Wright
Plea and Trial Preparation03SS0304325
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dsj
Ericson Robert
Plea and Trial Preparation04ZL1268726
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Richard Chalmers
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL3375524
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Elh
Bobby Entwistle
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL4210525
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dsj
Zain Hussain
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL3901525
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dsj
Zain-ul-abideen Hussain
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL4081825
11:00AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dsj
Adam Stephenson
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL3101023
11:15AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dsj
Jack Cunliffe
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL4167125
11:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Jack Cunliffe
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL1174225
11:30AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Sapphire Hendrix
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL1052626
11:45AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Jonathan Dawson
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL3103224
11:45AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Dsj
Nathan Truberg
Further Case Management04ZL3009024
11:45AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
His Honour Judge Unsworth
James Horricks
Further Case Management04ZL2797825
11:45AM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Samuel McConkie
Committal for Sentence04ZL1528926
12:00PM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Paul Ponting
For Trial (No Witnesses)U20260310
Not before12:00PM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Peter Bowker
Plea and Trial Preparation06MM0088426
12:45PM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Scott Simpson
Further Case Management04ZL1265626
2:15PM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Simon Stevenson
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL1847225
2:15PM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Elh
Leon Harrington, Melanie Harrington
For Sentence04ZL3424625
2:15PM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
George Mcluskie
Plea and Trial Preparation03SS0110226
2:30PM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Mohammed Umer, Adam Ali
Plea and Trial Preparation04ZL3517925
2:45PM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Peter Mannifield
For Pre-Trial Review04ZL1077624
3:00PM
Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House)
Elh
| Time | Room | Case | Type | Judge | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Samuel GreenS20260055 | Committal for Breaches | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Laura WallisS20260030 | For Mention (Defendant to Attend) | — | |
| Not before11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Dylan LaveryS20260072 | Breach of Order | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Hussain ShafqatU20260287 | For Pre-Trial Review | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Asquith RonaldU20260288 | For Pre-Trial Review | Dsj | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Robert MacdonaldU20260313 | For Trial | — | |
| Not before12:00PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Anthony LittleU20260314 | For Trial | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Fernando MadeiraS20250333 | Committal for Sentence | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Martin BellU20260299 | Trial (Part Heard) | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Al Bilal, Aamir Bilal, Shakil Asghar, Laura HealU20260311 | For Trial | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | SEN BrownU20260315 | For Hearing | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Bradley WalshU20260312 | For Trial | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Jamie WallaceU20260309 | For Trial | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Nadeem AkramU20260308 | For Trial | — | |
| — | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Robert RaeU20260306 | For Trial | — | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Liam Forrest04ZL3653925 | For Section 28 Hearing (Pre-Recording of Cross-Examination) | — | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Barry Brown03WW0182023 | For Sentence | Judge Fanning | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Haider Abass06GG0063126 | For Application for Bail | — | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Ashley Johnson04ZL1482526 | For Application for Bail | — | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Nathan Owens04ZL1334826 | Plea and Trial Preparation | His Honour Judge Altham | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Anthony Little04ZL1302025 | For Mention and to Fix | His Honour Judge Altham | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Anthony Little03SS0066125 | For Mention and to Fix | His Honour Judge Altham | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Benjamin Scowcroft03SS0061224 | For Mention | His Honour Judge Jefferies Kc | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Re A Minor [1 of 6]PR24C50364 | Final Hearing (Public Law) | — | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Re A Minor [1 of 4]PR25C50235 | Fact Finding Hearing (Public Law) | — | |
| 10:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Re A MinorPR25P00788 | Final Hearing | — | |
| 10:15AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Mustak Adam04ZL2009225 | For Mention (Defendant to Attend) | His Honour Judge Parry | |
| 10:15AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | David Park04ZL4204225 | For Mention (Defendant to Attend) | — | |
| 10:15AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Anthony Tysoe04ZL2286523 | For Mention and to Fix | Dsj | |
| 10:15AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Lewis Ralph04ZL3203423 | For Review | His Honour Judge Jefferies Kc | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Jamie Wallace04ZL3847724 | For Trial | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Paul Ponting04ZL1604423 | For Trial | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Martin Bell04ZL3592325 | Trial (Part Heard) | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Richard Mullender04ZL1243026 | For Application for Bail | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Richard Mullender04ZL4339125 | For Application for Bail | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Ryan Constantine04ZL3410324 | For Mention | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Carl Davis04ZL3877923 | For Pre-Trial Review | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Shakil Asghar, Laura Heal, Aamir Bilal04ZL2416825 | For Trial | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Bradley Walsh03SS0971522 | For Trial | Dsj | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Jack Halliwell04ZL4363825 | Plea and Trial Preparation | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Kenneth Wallwork04ZL1521924 | For Pre-Trial Review | Elh | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Stephen Brundrett04ZL3180521 | For Pre-Trial Review | Dsj | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Kenneth Wallwork04ZL3052125 | Plea and Trial Preparation | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Robert Macdonald04ZL2142123 | For Trial | Dsj | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Alexander Tofton, Glenn Hatch, Rebecca Hatch, Steven Stephenson04ZL1168125 | For Application for Dismissal of Charges | His Honour Judge Altham | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Joseph Watson04ZL1237226 | For Application for Dismissal of Charges | His Honour Judge Altham | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Alexander Tofton04ZL4130825 | For Application for Dismissal of Charges | His Honour Judge Altham | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Nadeem Akram04ZL3008724 | For Trial | His Honour Judge Altham | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Douglas Sharp, Thomas Young, Calvin Cook, Lee Duckworth, Craig Morley, Douglas Ward04ZL2290223 | For Mention and to Fix | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Robert Rae04ZL3700125 | For Trial | District Judge | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Ronan Henfrey04ZL2612624 | For Sentence | His Honour Judge Jefferies Kc | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Craig Lloyd04ZL2830425 | For Sentence | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Lee Connolly, Andrea Houghton04ZL1687525 | For Sentence | — | |
| 10:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Ryan Moore04ZL1353426 | Plea and Trial Preparation | — | |
| 10:45AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Lewis Lunt04ZL4297025 | Plea and Trial Preparation | — | |
| 10:45AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Stuart Barrow04ZL2874025 | Further Case Management | Dsj | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Simon Hannigan04ZL1538522 | For Mention (Defendant to Attend) | — | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Seamus Iqbal04ZL1285426 | Further Case Management | — | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Marcus Warburton04ZL3925825 | Further Case Management | — | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Alison Riley04ZL3955925 | Further Case Management | — | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Kamran Hussain04ZL2443425 | Further Case Management | — | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Arshad Nawaz04ZL1303626 | Further Case Management | Sen | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Craig Wright03SS0304325 | Plea and Trial Preparation | Dsj | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Ericson Robert04ZL1268726 | Plea and Trial Preparation | — | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Richard Chalmers04ZL3375524 | For Pre-Trial Review | Elh | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Bobby Entwistle04ZL4210525 | For Pre-Trial Review | Dsj | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Zain Hussain04ZL3901525 | For Pre-Trial Review | Dsj | |
| 11:00AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Zain-ul-abideen Hussain04ZL4081825 | For Pre-Trial Review | Dsj | |
| 11:15AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Adam Stephenson04ZL3101023 | For Pre-Trial Review | Dsj | |
| 11:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Jack Cunliffe04ZL4167125 | For Pre-Trial Review | — | |
| 11:30AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Jack Cunliffe04ZL1174225 | For Pre-Trial Review | — | |
| 11:45AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Sapphire Hendrix04ZL3226923 | For Review | — | |
| 11:45AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Sapphire Hendrix04ZL1052626 | For Pre-Trial Review | — | |
| 11:45AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Jonathan Dawson04ZL3103224 | For Pre-Trial Review | Dsj | |
| 11:45AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Nathan Truberg04ZL3009024 | Further Case Management | His Honour Judge Unsworth | |
| 11:45AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | James Horricks04ZL2797825 | Further Case Management | — | |
| 11:45AM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Anthony Donaldson04ZL4073325 | For Mention | — | |
| 12:00PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Samuel McConkie04ZL1528926 | Committal for Sentence | — | |
| Not before12:00PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Paul PontingU20260310 | For Trial (No Witnesses) | — | |
| 12:45PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Peter Bowker06MM0088426 | Plea and Trial Preparation | — | |
| 2:15PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Scott Simpson04ZL1265626 | Further Case Management | — | |
| 2:15PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Simon Stevenson04ZL1847225 | For Pre-Trial Review | Elh | |
| 2:15PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Leon Harrington, Melanie Harrington04ZL3424625 | For Sentence | — | |
| 2:30PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | George Mcluskie03SS0110226 | Plea and Trial Preparation | — | |
| 2:45PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Mohammed Umer, Adam Ali04ZL3517925 | Plea and Trial Preparation | — | |
| 3:00PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Peter Mannifield04ZL1077624 | For Pre-Trial Review | Elh | |
| 3:00PM | Preston Crown Court and Family Court (Sessions House) | Brandon Sanderson93JD0473824 | For Mention | — |
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I find my case at Lancaster Courthouse?
Search for your case reference number in the hearings table above, or set up an alert to be notified when your case is listed at Lancaster Courthouse.
What cases are being heard at Lancaster Courthouse today?
There are 87 hearings listed at Lancaster Courthouse today. View the full cause list above with times, courtrooms, and judges.
Can I attend a hearing at Lancaster Courthouse?
Most hearings at Lancaster Courthouse are open to the public unless reporting restrictions apply. Check the listing notes for each case. Remote hearings may require prior arrangement.
How do I get alerts for Lancaster Courthouse?
Sign up for a free CauseAlert account, then select Lancaster Courthouse from your dashboard. You can choose to receive SMS or email notifications whenever new hearings are listed at this court.
What types of hearings are heard at Lancaster Courthouse?
Lancaster Courthouse handles cases relating to bankruptcy, civil, crime, divorce, family. Hearing types may include trials, sentencing, case management, bail applications, and appeals depending on the court's jurisdiction.
Related Content
Data sourced from HM Courts & Tribunals Service (HMCTS), an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice. Court information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Crown copyright.